Starbound

Backup Character Data
GoG: C:\Program Files (x86)\GalaxyClient\Games\Starbound\giraffe_storage\player C:\Program Files (x86)\GalaxyClient\Games\Starbound\giraffe_storage\universe

C:\Program Files (x86)\GalaxyClient\Games\Starbound\storage\player C:\Program Files (x86)\GalaxyClient\Games\Starbound\storage\universe

Note: Multi player seems to copy from storage to giraffe_storage?

Steam: C:\Program Files (x86)\Steam\SteamApps\common\Starbound\player C:\Program Files (x86)\Steam\SteamApps\common\Starbound\universe

"Starbound saves your progress in two different folders; players and universe. Both of these are located in your main Starbound folder (in linux32 or in linux64 if you use Linux version).

The players folder stores your character, your inventory and your ship. The universe folder stores all the planets you've explored and any changes made to them.

If you want to transfer everything to another computer, just copy the content of both of these folders and paste it in the same location on the other computer."

References:
 * http://community.playstarbound.com/threads/saves-location.35669/

Lost Character Data
"If you go to the game folder (right click on Starbound in Steam, properties, local files, browse local files) In the giraffe_storage folder there is a player folder where character data and such is stored. If there is anything there labeled .BAK1 or whatever, try removing that extension. Otherwise I'm not entirely sure what to say"

References:
 * After the update today, I lost my character save. Is there a way to get that back? : starbound - https://www.reddit.com/r/starbound/comments/2unic4/after_the_update_today_i_lost_my_character_save/

Server
GOG: C:\Program Files (x86)\GalaxyClient\Games\Starbound\win64\starbound_server.exe

Storage: C:\Program Files (x86)\GalaxyClient\Games\Starbound\storage\universe

Backup
C:\Program Files (x86)\GalaxyClient\Games\Starbound

backup.bat: del /s /q giraffe_storage\ xcopy /s giraffe_storage.1 giraffe_storage\ rem pause

restore.bat: del /s /q giraffe_storage\ xcopy /s giraffe_storage.1 giraffe_storage\ rem pause